Understanding dog joint pain and conditions: A guide to prevention, treatment, and supplements

As our pups age or face certain health challenges, joint pain can become a real worry. You want to see them happy, bouncing around like they used to, not limping or struggling to get up.

Understanding what causes joint pain, recognizing the signs early, and knowing what you can do to help can make all the difference to your dog's quality of life.

This guide breaks down common joint conditions, signs of pain, and practical ways to support your pup’s joint health so they can stay active and comfortable.

What causes joint issues in dogs?

Joint issues in dogs can arise from a variety of causes, not just ageing. Here are some of the most common causes:

• Genetic predisposition: Certain breeds are more prone to arthritis as well as joint conditions like hip dysplasia or elbow dysplasia due to inherited traits.

• Trauma or excessive exercise: Accidents, falls, or excessive physical activity (especially during puppyhood) can damage joints and lead to long-term pain.

• Obesity: Excess weight puts additional strain on joints, accelerating their deterioration and contributing to arthritis.

• Developmental issues: Conditions like hip and elbow dysplasia occur when joints don’t develop properly, leading to pain and mobility problems as the dog ages.

• Ageing: Ageing, or general wear and tear, can lead to joint pain and conditions like osteoarthritis.

The good news is that early detection and intervention can make a big difference. Early intervention, including lifestyle changes and supplements, may significantly slow down joint-related issues like arthritis.

Let’s dive into some of the most common joint conditions in dogs, explore their symptoms, identify which breeds are most at risk, and review the treatment options available to help manage these issues.

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Common joint conditions in dogs

Osteoarthritis in dogs

Some researchers estimate that osteoarthritis impacts about 80% of dogs over eight years old, making it a leading cause of chronic pain in senior pups.

Arthritis can sneak up gradually on dogs, causing chronic inflammation in the joints and leading to pain and stiffness. Watching your dog limp or struggle to get up is tough, but recognising these symptoms early can help:

• Limping

• Difficulty rising

• Reluctance to exercise

• Stiffness after resting

• Swelling around joints

• Decreased interest in play

• Becoming more grumpy or withdrawn

Some breeds are more likely to develop arthritis:

• Rottweilers

• Dogue de Bordeaux

• Old English Sheepdogs

• Border Collies

• Bullmastiffs

• German Pointers

• German Shepherds

• Golden Retrievers

• Labradors

• Scottish Collies

• Springer Spaniels

But the condition can affect any dog.

Hip dysplasia in dogs

Hip dysplasia is a genetic condition where the hip joint doesn’t fit together properly, often leading to arthritis over time.

It’s particularly common in larger breeds like German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Great Danes, and Saint Bernards.

Look out for these symptoms:

• Limping, especially in the hind legs

• Difficulty rising or lying down

• Decreased activity level

• Pain when moving hips

• Swaying gait or “bunny hopping”

• Loss of thigh muscle mass

Managing your dog’s weight and providing opportunities for regular, low-impact exercise can help delay the onset of severe symptoms.

Elbow dysplasia in dogs

Elbow dysplasia, another inherited developmental issue, affects the elbow joint, causing pain and lameness.

This condition is most often seen in large, active breeds like Labs, Rottweilers, Bernese Mountain Dogs, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherds.

Symptoms to watch for include:

• Limping, especially after exercise

• Stiffness in the affected leg

• Swelling around the elbow joint

• Decreased range of motion

• Pain when extending or flexing the elbow

The good news? Some research shows that catching elbow dysplasia early and combining medical management with surgery can significantly improve your dog’s quality of life.

Luxating patella in dogs

Luxating patella is when your dog’s kneecap pops out of place, often causing pain and an awkward gait.

In contrast to other joint conditions, which seem to plague larger breeds, this condition is most common in small breeds like Pomeranians, Yorkshire Terriers, Chihuahuas, Miniature Poodles, and Boston Terriers.

If your dog shows any of these signs, it’s worth discussing with your vet:

• Intermittent limping

• Skipping or hopping while walking

• Sudden reluctance to put weight on a leg

• Pain or discomfort when moving the leg

• Occasional "popping" sound from the knee

Keeping your dog at a healthy weight and providing regular low-impact exercise can prevent this condition from worsening, but sometimes it's bad enough to require surgery.

Signs your dog may be in pain

Your dog can’t tell you when something’s wrong, but they can show it. Behavioural changes often signal pain, and catching these signs early can make a big difference.

Your dog may show one or more of the following symptoms:

• Slowing down and not keeping up on walks

• Difficulty jumping up

• Acting more grumpy or withdrawn than usual

• Whining or vocalising

• Decreased appetite

• Limping or favouring one leg

• Swelling or stiffness in joints

• Licking or chewing at a painful area

• Loss of muscle mass

If you notice any of these behaviours, it’s important to consult with your vet as soon as possible.

Now, let's explore the various treatment options available to help manage your dog's joint pain and improve their quality of life.

Treatment options for dog joint pain

Most dogs require a multi-modal approach to joint pain management. They usually benefit from a combination of the treatment options listed below.

Pain management

Dogs with joint pain need pain relief. They don’t have to be crying out or whining before medication is started; a limp or stiffness is a clear sign of pain. Luckily, there are a variety of options available, which your vet will be able to talk you through. 

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used as they provide pain relief as well as reduce inflammation, e.g., meloxicam. These oral medications come in liquid or tablet forms and need to be administered daily at home. Other drugs, like gabapentin and tramadol, may be recommended as well. 

Alternatively, regular injections of monoclonal antibodies can be very effective for some dogs. These work by interrupting the transmission of pain signals and have minimal side effects. They're administered by the vet in a subcutaneous injection, in the same way that a vaccination is given.

Recent advances in pain management, like therapies targeting pain at the molecular level, give hope for other effective relief options. As noted in a study from the University of Southern California, new developments and approaches could revolutionise how we manage joint pain in dogs.

Physiotherapy and hydrotherapy 

Physiotherapy isn’t just for humans—dogs benefit too. It involves exercises and techniques that improve joint function, build muscle mass, and reduce pain, especially for arthritis or post-surgery recovery.

Hydrotherapy is a great way of providing low-impact exercise for sore joints. Swimming and other exercises carried out in the water can help to improve muscle condition without putting too much strain on your pet’s joints.

Osteopathy and chiropractic care may also have a place, but discuss them with your vet first.

Surgical interventions

In severe cases, surgery might be the best option to correct joint issues, especially for dogs that have developmental abnormalities like hip or elbow dysplasia. This may also apply to pups with more severe cases of luxating patella.

Surgery is necessary when a dog has a grade 3 and 4 luxating patella or a grade 2 patellar luxation that isn’t responding well to medical management. Many different surgical treatments are available that all aim to keep a dog’s kneecap from slipping out of position. The surgeon will determine which type of surgery is best based on the details of the case. Most surgeries are successful at reducing the frequency and severity of patellar luxation, and in milder cases, they may eliminate it altogether.

Common procedures include:

• Joint replacement

• Arthroscopy

• Corrective surgery

Advances in minimally invasive surgical techniques are improving recovery times and outcomes, so your dog can get back to being themselves sooner.

Diets for joint health

A balanced diet that supports joint function can make a significant difference, especially when combined with the right supplements. Some diets are specifically formulated for joint disease, containing increased levels of omega-3 fatty acids, glucosamine, and chondroitin.

Obesity is a major factor in joint issues. Carrying excess weight puts additional strain on your dog's joints, accelerating the wear and tear that leads to conditions like osteoarthritis.

Keeping your dog at a healthy weight through a proper diet and regular exercise is one of the most effective ways to prevent joint problems.

Joint supplements

It's not always just a marketing ploy—in addition to a healthy diet, supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega-3 fatty acids have actually been proven to reduce inflammation and protect the cartilage in your dog’s joints.

According to a Cornell University study, some supplements may actually slow the progression of conditions like osteoarthritis, helping your dog move more comfortably as they age.

But remember: not all supplements are created equal. Consult your vet before starting any new supplement regimen to make sure it's not only safe, but also the most effective option for your dog’s specific needs.

Gene therapy

Gene therapy is emerging as a promising treatment for joint issues in dogs, particularly those caused by genetic conditions like hip dysplasia. Unlike traditional treatments, gene therapy targets the root cause by altering genetic material to promote healthier joint function.

Research from Colorado State University shows its potential in treating arthritis and other joint diseases by repairing damaged cartilage and reducing inflammation. This innovative approach could offer long-term relief, addressing the underlying genetic issues rather than just managing symptoms.

Though still in development, gene therapy could soon revolutionise how we treat joint conditions in dogs, offering hope for more effective and lasting solutions.

Preventative measures

While some dogs are more prone to joint issues due to their breed or age, this doesn’t mean they have to suffer from severe problems.

With the right preventative measures, you can help slow the progression of joint conditions and keep your dog comfortable and active for years to come. Here are a few tips.

Choosing a responsible breeder

OK, you can't go back in time, and you can't predict future joint issues for a mixed-breed shelter dog.

But if you're getting a new puppy from a breeder—especially if it's a breed prone to joint issues, like a German Shepherd—selecting a responsible breeder is key to reducing the risk of inherited joint problems.

Reputable breeders will screen for genetic conditions like hip dysplasia or luxating patella, choosing only to breed dogs with healthy joints. While this is no guarantee your pup will have perfect joints, it does significantly increase their chances. Make sure to do your research before you buy!

Regular exercise

Keeping your dog active helps maintain joint flexibility and manage weight, both of which are crucial in preventing joint problems. Tailor their exercise routine to their specific needs, especially if they’re prone to joint issues. Also, remember to take care when exercising your puppy and don’t over-exert them before they are skeletally mature. Too much, too soon, could cause joint issues.

Regular vet check-ups

Routine vet visits are essential for catching joint issues early. Vaccinations and preventive care also keep your dog in tip-top shape. Early intervention can prevent minor issues from turning into major problems.

Home environment adjustments

Creating a dog-friendly home with supportive bedding, ramps, and non-slip surfaces can help prevent injuries and reduce joint stress. These adjustments are particularly important for older dogs or those with existing joint conditions.

The bottom line

Managing your dog’s joint health means understanding common conditions, spotting early signs of pain, and providing the right care.

With regular vet visits, a balanced diet, and tailored exercise, you can help your dog stay happy and comfortable. Always consult with your vet for personalised advice to make sure your pup gets the best possible care.

You may not be able to prepare for every mishap your dog encounters, but you can buy a dog insurance policy that's designed to reimburse you for some of those expensive accidents and illnesses:

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